木易的OT

React+TypeScript Cheatsheets

2022/1/12
  • 搬运自 GitHub

# Cheatsheets for experienced React developers getting started with TypeScript

Web docs (opens new window) | 中文翻译 (opens new window) | Español (opens new window) | Português (opens new window) | Contribute! (opens new window) | Ask! (opens new window)

All Contributors | Discord (opens new window) | Tweet (opens new window)

# All React + TypeScript Cheatsheets

  • The Basic Cheatsheet (/README.md) is focused on helping React devs just start using TS in React apps
    • Focus on opinionated best practices, copy+pastable examples.
    • Explains some basic TS types usage and setup along the way.
    • Answers the most Frequently Asked Questions.
    • Does not cover generic type logic in detail. Instead we prefer to teach simple troubleshooting techniques for newbies.
    • The goal is to get effective with TS without learning too much TS.
  • The Advanced Cheatsheet (/ADVANCED.md (opens new window)) helps show and explain advanced usage of generic types for people writing reusable type utilities/functions/render prop/higher order components and TS+React libraries.
    • It also has miscellaneous tips and tricks for pro users.
    • Advice for contributing to DefinitelyTyped.
    • The goal is to take full advantage of TypeScript.
  • The Migrating Cheatsheet (/MIGRATING.md (opens new window)) helps collate advice for incrementally migrating large codebases from JS or Flow, from people who have done it.
    • We do not try to convince people to switch, only to help people who have already decided.
    • ⚠️This is a new cheatsheet, all assistance is welcome.
  • The HOC Cheatsheet (/HOC.md (opens new window)) specifically teaches people to write HOCs with examples.

# Basic Cheatsheet Table of Contents

# Section 1: Setup TypeScript with React

# Prerequisites

  1. good understanding of React (opens new window)
  2. familiarity with TypeScript Types (opens new window) (2ality's guide (opens new window) is helpful. If you’re an absolute beginner in TypeScript, check out chibicode’s tutorial (opens new window).)
  3. having read the TypeScript section in the official React docs (opens new window).
  4. having read the React section of the new TypeScript playground (opens new window) (optional: also step through the 40+ examples under the playground's (opens new window) Examples section)

This guide will always assume you are starting with the latest TypeScript version. Notes for older versions will be in expandable <details> tags.

# VS Code Extensions

  • refactoring help https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=paulshen.paul-typescript-toolkit
  • R+TS Code Snippets (there are a few...)
    • https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=infeng.vscode-react-typescript
    • https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/the-best-react-extension-for-vs-code
  • TypeScript official extension https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/typescript

# React + TypeScript Starter Kits

Cloud setups:

Local dev setups:

# Other tools

Less mature tools still worth checking out:

Manual setup:

# Import React

import * as React from "react";
import * as ReactDOM from "react-dom";
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This is the most futureproof way (opens new window) to import React. If you set --allowSyntheticDefaultImports (or add "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true) in your tsconfig.json you can use more familiar imports:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
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# Explanation

Why allowSyntheticDefaultImports over esModuleInterop? Daniel Rosenwasser (opens new window) has said that it's better for webpack/parcel. For more discussion check out https://github.com/wmonk/create-react-app-typescript/issues/214 (opens new window)

You should also check the new TypeScript docs for official descriptions between each compiler flag (opens new window)!

# Video Tutorial

Have a look at the 7-part "React Typescript Course" (opens new window) video series below for an introduction to TypeScript with React.

image

# Section 2: Getting Started

# Function Components

These can be written as normal functions that take a props argument and return a JSX element.

// Declaring type of props - see "Typing Component Props" for more examples
type AppProps = {
	message: string;
}; /* use `interface` if exporting so that consumers can extend */

// Easiest way to declare a Function Component; return type is inferred.
const App = ({ message }: AppProps) => <div>{message}</div>;

// you can choose annotate the return type so an error is raised if you accidentally return some other type
const App = ({ message }: AppProps): JSX.Element => <div>{message}</div>;

// you can also inline the type declaration; eliminates naming the prop types, but looks repetitive
const App = ({ message }: { message: string }) => <div>{message}</div>;
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Tip: You might use Paul Shen's VS Code Extension (opens new window) to automate the type destructure declaration (incl a keyboard shortcut (opens new window)).

# Why is React.FC discouraged? What about React.FunctionComponent/React.VoidFunctionComponent?

You may see this in many React+TypeScript codebases:

const App: React.FunctionComponent<{ message: string }> = ({ message }) => (
	<div>{message}</div>
);
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However, the general consensus today is that React.FunctionComponent (or the shorthand React.FC) is discouraged (opens new window). This is a nuanced opinion of course, but if you agree and want to remove React.FC from your codebase, you can use this jscodeshift codemod (opens new window).

Some differences from the "normal function" version:

  • React.FunctionComponent is explicit about the return type, while the normal function version is implicit (or else needs additional annotation).

  • It provides typechecking and autocomplete for static properties like displayName, propTypes, and defaultProps.

  • It provides an implicit definition of children (see below) - however there are some issues with the implicit children type (e.g. DefinitelyTyped#33006 (opens new window)), and it might be better to be explicit about components that consume children, anyway.

const Title: React.FunctionComponent<{ title: string }> = ({
	children,
	title,
}) => <div title={title}>{children}</div>;
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# Using React.VoidFunctionComponent or React.VFC instead

As of @types/react 16.9.48 (opens new window), you can also use React.VoidFunctionComponent or React.VFC type if you want to type children explicitly. This is an interim solution until FunctionComponent will accept no children by default (planned for @types/react@^18.0.0).

type Props = { foo: string };

// OK now, in future, error
const FunctionComponent: React.FunctionComponent<Props> = ({
	foo,
	children,
}: Props) => {
	return (
		<div>
			{foo} {children}
		</div>
	); // OK
};

// Error now, in future, deprecated
const VoidFunctionComponent: React.VoidFunctionComponent<Props> = ({
	foo,
	children,
}) => {
	return (
		<div>
			{foo}
			{children}
		</div>
	);
};
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  • In the future, it may automatically mark props as readonly, though that's a moot point if the props object is destructured in the parameter list.

In most cases it makes very little difference which syntax is used, but you may prefer the more explicit nature of React.FunctionComponent.

# Minor Pitfalls

These patterns are not supported:

Conditional rendering

const MyConditionalComponent = ({ shouldRender = false }) =>
	shouldRender ? <div /> : false; // don't do this in JS either
const el = <MyConditionalComponent />; // throws an error
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This is because due to limitations in the compiler, function components cannot return anything other than a JSX expression or null, otherwise it complains with a cryptic error message saying that the other type is not assignable to Element.

Array.fill

const MyArrayComponent = () => Array(5).fill(<div />);
const el2 = <MyArrayComponent />; // throws an error
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Unfortunately just annotating the function type will not help so if you really need to return other exotic types that React supports, you'd need to perform a type assertion:

const MyArrayComponent = () => Array(5).fill(<div />) as any as JSX.Element;
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See commentary by @ferdaber here (opens new window).

# Hooks

Hooks are supported in @types/react from v16.8 up (opens new window).

# useState

Type inference works very well for simple values:

const [val, toggle] = React.useState(false);
// `val` is inferred to be a boolean
// `toggle` only takes booleans
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See also the Using Inferred Types (opens new window) section if you need to use a complex type that you've relied on inference for.

However, many hooks are initialized with null-ish default values, and you may wonder how to provide types. Explicitly declare the type, and use a union type:

const [user, setUser] = React.useState<IUser | null>(null);

// later...
setUser(newUser);
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You can also use type assertions if a state is initialized soon after setup and always has a value after:

const [user, setUser] = React.useState<IUser>({} as IUser);

// later...
setUser(newUser);
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This temporarily "lies" to the TypeScript compiler that {} is of type IUser. You should follow up by setting the user state — if you don't, the rest of your code may rely on the fact that user is of type IUser and that may lead to runtime errors.

# useReducer

You can use Discriminated Unions (opens new window) for reducer actions. Don't forget to define the return type of reducer, otherwise TypeScript will infer it.

const initialState = { count: 0 };

type ACTIONTYPE =
	| { type: "increment"; payload: number }
	| { type: "decrement"; payload: string };

function reducer(state: typeof initialState, action: ACTIONTYPE) {
	switch (action.type) {
		case "increment":
			return { count: state.count + action.payload };
		case "decrement":
			return { count: state.count - Number(action.payload) };
		default:
			throw new Error();
	}
}

function Counter() {
	const [state, dispatch] = React.useReducer(reducer, initialState);
	return (
		<>
			Count: {state.count}
			<button
				onClick={() => dispatch({ type: "decrement", payload: "5" })}
			>
				-
			</button>
			<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: "increment", payload: 5 })}>
				+
			</button>
		</>
	);
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

# Usage with Reducer from redux

In case you use the redux (opens new window) library to write reducer function, It provides a convenient helper of the format Reducer<State, Action> which takes care of the return type for you.

So the above reducer example becomes:

import { Reducer } from 'redux';

export function reducer: Reducer<AppState, Action>() {}
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# useEffect / useLayoutEffect

Both of useEffect and useLayoutEffect are used for performing side effects and return an optional cleanup function which means they don't deal with returning values, no types are necessary. When using useEffect, take care not to return anything other than a function or undefined, otherwise both TypeScript and React will yell at you. This can be subtle when using arrow functions:

function DelayedEffect(props: { timerMs: number }) {
	const { timerMs } = props;

	useEffect(
		() =>
			setTimeout(() => {
				/* do stuff */
			}, timerMs),
		[timerMs]
	);
	// bad example! setTimeout implicitly returns a number
	// because the arrow function body isn't wrapped in curly braces
	return null;
}
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# Solution to the above example

function DelayedEffect(props: { timerMs: number }) {
	const { timerMs } = props;

	useEffect(() => {
		setTimeout(() => {
			/* do stuff */
		}, timerMs);
	}, [timerMs]);
	// better; use the void keyword to make sure you return undefined
	return null;
}
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# useRef

In TypeScript, useRef returns a reference that is either read-only (opens new window) or mutable (opens new window), depends on whether your type argument fully covers the initial value or not. Choose one that suits your use case.

# Option 1: DOM element ref

To access a DOM element (opens new window): provide only the element type as argument, and use null as initial value. In this case, the returned reference will have a read-only .current that is managed by React. TypeScript expects you to give this ref to an element's ref prop:

function Foo() {
	// - If possible, prefer as specific as possible. For example, HTMLDivElement
	//   is better than HTMLElement and way better than Element.
	// - Technical-wise, this returns RefObject<HTMLDivElement>
	const divRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

	useEffect(() => {
		// Note that ref.current may be null. This is expected, because you may
		// conditionally render the ref-ed element, or you may forgot to assign it
		if (!divRef.current) throw Error("divRef is not assigned");

		// Now divRef.current is sure to be HTMLDivElement
		doSomethingWith(divRef.current);
	});

	// Give the ref to an element so React can manage it for you
	return <div ref={divRef}>etc</div>;
}
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If you are sure that divRef.current will never be null, it is also possible to use the non-null assertion operator !:

const divRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null!);
// Later... No need to check if it is null
doSomethingWith(divRef.current);
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Note that you are opting out of type safety here - you will have a runtime error if you forget to assign the ref to an element in the render, or if the ref-ed element is conditionally rendered.

Tip: Choosing which HTMLElement to use

Refs demand specificity - it is not enough to just specify any old HTMLElement. If you don't know the name of the element type you need, you can check lib.dom.ts (opens new window) or make an intentional type error and let the language service tell you:

image

# Option 2: Mutable value ref

To have a mutable value (opens new window): provide the type you want, and make sure the initial value fully belongs to that type:

function Foo() {
  // Technical-wise, this returns MutableRefObject<number | null>
  const intervalRef = useRef<number | null>(null);

  // You manage the ref yourself (that's why it's called MutableRefObject!)
  useEffect(() => {
    intervalRef.current = setInterval(...);
    return () => clearInterval(intervalRef.current);
  }, []);

  // The ref is not passed to any element's "ref" prop
  return <button onClick={/* clearInterval the ref */}>Cancel timer</button>;
}
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# See also

# useImperativeHandle

We don't have much here, but this is from a discussion in our issues (opens new window). Please contribute if you have anything to add!

type ListProps<ItemType> = {
	items: ItemType[];
	innerRef?: React.Ref<{ scrollToItem(item: ItemType): void }>;
};

function List<ItemType>(props: ListProps<ItemType>) {
	useImperativeHandle(props.innerRef, () => ({
		scrollToItem() {},
	}));
	return null;
}
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# Custom Hooks

If you are returning an array in your Custom Hook, you will want to avoid type inference as TypeScript will infer a union type (when you actually want different types in each position of the array). Instead, use TS 3.4 const assertions (opens new window):

export function useLoading() {
	const [isLoading, setState] = React.useState(false);
	const load = (aPromise: Promise<any>) => {
		setState(true);
		return aPromise.finally(() => setState(false));
	};
	return [isLoading, load] as const; // infers [boolean, typeof load] instead of (boolean | typeof load)[]
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

This way, when you destructure you actually get the right types based on destructure position.

# Alternative: Asserting a tuple return type

If you are having trouble with const assertions (opens new window), you can also assert or define the function return types:

export function useLoading() {
	const [isLoading, setState] = React.useState(false);
	const load = (aPromise: Promise<any>) => {
		setState(true);
		return aPromise.finally(() => setState(false));
	};
	return [isLoading, load] as [
		boolean,
		(aPromise: Promise<any>) => Promise<any>
	];
}
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A helper function that automatically types tuples can also be helpful if you write a lot of custom hooks:

function tuplify<T extends any[]>(...elements: T) {
	return elements;
}

function useArray() {
	const numberValue = useRef(3).current;
	const functionValue = useRef(() => {}).current;
	return [numberValue, functionValue]; // type is (number | (() => void))[]
}

function useTuple() {
	const numberValue = useRef(3).current;
	const functionValue = useRef(() => {}).current;
	return tuplify(numberValue, functionValue); // type is [number, () => void]
}
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Note that the React team recommends that custom hooks that return more than two values should use proper objects instead of tuples, however.

# More Hooks + TypeScript reading:

  • https://medium.com/@jrwebdev/react-hooks-in-typescript-88fce7001d0d
  • https://fettblog.eu/typescript-react/hooks/#useref

If you are writing a React Hooks library, don't forget that you should also expose your types for users to use.

# Example React Hooks + TypeScript Libraries:

  • https://github.com/mweststrate/use-st8
  • https://github.com/palmerhq/the-platform
  • https://github.com/sw-yx/hooks

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Class Components

Within TypeScript, React.Component is a generic type (aka React.Component<PropType, StateType>), so you want to provide it with (optional) prop and state type parameters:

type MyProps = {
	// using `interface` is also ok
	message: string;
};
type MyState = {
	count: number; // like this
};
class App extends React.Component<MyProps, MyState> {
	state: MyState = {
		// optional second annotation for better type inference
		count: 0,
	};
	render() {
		return (
			<div>
				{this.props.message} {this.state.count}
			</div>
		);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Don't forget that you can export/import/extend these types/interfaces for reuse.

# Why annotate state twice?

It isn't strictly necessary to annotate the state class property, but it allows better type inference when accessing this.state and also initializing the state.

This is because they work in two different ways, the 2nd generic type parameter will allow this.setState() to work correctly, because that method comes from the base class, but initializing state inside the component overrides the base implementation so you have to make sure that you tell the compiler that you're not actually doing anything different.

See commentary by @ferdaber here (opens new window).

# No need for readonly

You often see sample code include readonly to mark props and state immutable:

type MyProps = {
	readonly message: string;
};
type MyState = {
	readonly count: number;
};
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This is not necessary as React.Component<P,S> already marks them as immutable. (See PR and discussion! (opens new window))

Class Methods: Do it like normal, but just remember any arguments for your functions also need to be typed:

class App extends React.Component<{ message: string }, { count: number }> {
	state = { count: 0 };
	render() {
		return (
			<div onClick={() => this.increment(1)}>
				{this.props.message} {this.state.count}
			</div>
		);
	}
	increment = (amt: number) => {
		// like this
		this.setState((state) => ({
			count: state.count + amt,
		}));
	};
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Class Properties: If you need to declare class properties for later use, just declare it like state, but without assignment:

class App extends React.Component<{
	message: string;
}> {
	pointer: number; // like this
	componentDidMount() {
		this.pointer = 3;
	}
	render() {
		return (
			<div>
				{this.props.message} and {this.pointer}
			</div>
		);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Typing getDerivedStateFromProps

Before you start using getDerivedStateFromProps, please go through the documentation (opens new window) and You Probably Don't Need Derived State (opens new window). Derived State can be implemented using hooks which can also help set up memoization.

Here are a few ways in which you can annotate getDerivedStateFromProps

  1. If you have explicitly typed your derived state and want to make sure that the return value from getDerivedStateFromProps conforms to it.
class Comp extends React.Component<Props, State> {
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(
		props: Props,
		state: State
	): Partial<State> | null {
		//
	}
}
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  1. When you want the function's return value to determine your state.
class Comp extends React.Component<
	Props,
	ReturnType<typeof Comp["getDerivedStateFromProps"]>
> {
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(props: Props) {}
}
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  1. When you want derived state with other state fields and memoization
type CustomValue = any;
interface Props {
	propA: CustomValue;
}
interface DefinedState {
	otherStateField: string;
}
type State = DefinedState & ReturnType<typeof transformPropsToState>;
function transformPropsToState(props: Props) {
	return {
		savedPropA: props.propA, // save for memoization
		derivedState: props.propA,
	};
}
class Comp extends React.PureComponent<Props, State> {
	constructor(props: Props) {
		super(props);
		this.state = {
			otherStateField: "123",
			...transformPropsToState(props),
		};
	}
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(props: Props, state: State) {
		if (isEqual(props.propA, state.savedPropA)) return null;
		return transformPropsToState(props);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

# You May Not Need defaultProps

As per this tweet (opens new window), defaultProps will eventually be deprecated. You can check the discussions here:

  • https://twitter.com/hswolff/status/1133759319571345408

The consensus is to use object default values.

Function Components:

type GreetProps = { age?: number };

const Greet = ({ age = 21 }: GreetProps) => // etc
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Class Components:

type GreetProps = {
	age?: number;
};

class Greet extends React.Component<GreetProps> {
	render() {
		const { age = 21 } = this.props;
		/*...*/
	}
}

let el = <Greet age={3} />;
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# Typing defaultProps

Type inference improved greatly for defaultProps in TypeScript 3.0+ (opens new window), although some edge cases are still problematic (opens new window).

Function Components

// using typeof as a shortcut; note that it hoists!
// you can also declare the type of DefaultProps if you choose
// e.g. https://github.com/typescript-cheatsheets/react/issues/415#issuecomment-841223219
type GreetProps = { age: number } & typeof defaultProps;

const defaultProps = {
	age: 21,
};

const Greet = (props: GreetProps) => {
	// etc
};
Greet.defaultProps = defaultProps;
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See this in TS Playground (opens new window)

For Class components, there are a couple ways to do it (opens new window) (including using the Pick utility type) but the recommendation is to "reverse" the props definition:

type GreetProps = typeof Greet.defaultProps & {
	age: number;
};

class Greet extends React.Component<GreetProps> {
	static defaultProps = {
		age: 21,
	};
	/*...*/
}

// Type-checks! No type assertions needed!
let el = <Greet age={3} />;
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JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes nuance for library authors

The above implementations work fine for App creators, but sometimes you want to be able to export GreetProps so that others can consume it. The problem here is that the way GreetProps is defined, age is a required prop when it isn't because of defaultProps.

The insight to have here is that GreetProps is the internal contract for your component, not the external, consumer facing contract (opens new window). You could create a separate type specifically for export, or you could make use of the JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes utility:

// internal contract, should not be exported out
type GreetProps = {
	age: number;
};

class Greet extends Component<GreetProps> {
	static defaultProps = { age: 21 };
}

// external contract
export type ApparentGreetProps = JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes<
	typeof Greet,
	GreetProps
>;
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This will work properly, although hovering overApparentGreetPropsmay be a little intimidating. You can reduce this boilerplate with theComponentProps utility detailed below.

# Consuming Props of a Component with defaultProps

A component with defaultProps may seem to have some required props that actually aren't.

# Problem Statement

Here's what you want to do:

interface IProps {
	name: string;
}
const defaultProps = {
	age: 25,
};
const GreetComponent = ({ name, age }: IProps & typeof defaultProps) => (
	<div>{`Hello, my name is ${name}, ${age}`}</div>
);
GreetComponent.defaultProps = defaultProps;

const TestComponent = (props: React.ComponentProps<typeof GreetComponent>) => {
	return <h1 />;
};

// Property 'age' is missing in type '{ name: string; }' but required in type '{ age: number; }'
const el = <TestComponent name="foo" />;
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# Solution

Define a utility that applies JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes:

type ComponentProps<T> = T extends
	| React.ComponentType<infer P>
	| React.Component<infer P>
	? JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes<T, P>
	: never;

const TestComponent = (props: ComponentProps<typeof GreetComponent>) => {
	return <h1 />;
};

// No error
const el = <TestComponent name="foo" />;
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See this in TS Playground (opens new window)

# Misc Discussions and Knowledge

# Why does React.FC break defaultProps?

You can check the discussions here:

  • https://medium.com/@martin_hotell/10-typescript-pro-tips-patterns-with-or-without-react-5799488d6680
  • https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/issues/30695
  • https://github.com/typescript-cheatsheets/react-typescript-cheatsheet/issues/87

This is just the current state and may be fixed in future.

# TypeScript 2.9 and earlier

For TypeScript 2.9 and earlier, there's more than one way to do it, but this is the best advice we've yet seen:

type Props = Required<typeof MyComponent.defaultProps> & {
	/* additional props here */
};

export class MyComponent extends React.Component<Props> {
	static defaultProps = {
		foo: "foo",
	};
}
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Our former recommendation used the Partial type feature in TypeScript, which means that the current interface will fulfill a partial version on the wrapped interface. In that way we can extend defaultProps without any changes in the types!

interface IMyComponentProps {
	firstProp?: string;
	secondProp: IPerson[];
}

export class MyComponent extends React.Component<IMyComponentProps> {
	public static defaultProps: Partial<IMyComponentProps> = {
		firstProp: "default",
	};
}
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The problem with this approach is it causes complex issues with the type inference working with JSX.LibraryManagedAttributes. Basically it causes the compiler to think that when creating a JSX expression with that component, that all of its props are optional.

See commentary by @ferdaber here (opens new window) and here (opens new window).

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Typing Component Props

This is intended as a basic orientation and reference for React developers familiarizing with TypeScript.

# Basic Prop Types Examples

A list of TypeScript types you will likely use in a React+TypeScript app:

type AppProps = {
	message: string;
	count: number;
	disabled: boolean;
	/** array of a type! */
	names: string[];
	/** string literals to specify exact string values, with a union type to join them together */
	status: "waiting" | "success";
	/** any object as long as you dont use its properties (NOT COMMON but useful as placeholder) */
	obj: object;
	obj2: {}; // almost the same as `object`, exactly the same as `Object`
	/** an object with any number of properties (PREFERRED) */
	obj3: {
		id: string;
		title: string;
	};
	/** array of objects! (common) */
	objArr: {
		id: string;
		title: string;
	}[];
	/** a dict object with any number of properties of the same type */
	dict1: {
		[key: string]: MyTypeHere;
	};
	dict2: Record<string, MyTypeHere>; // equivalent to dict1
	/** any function as long as you don't invoke it (not recommended) */
	onSomething: Function;
	/** function that doesn't take or return anything (VERY COMMON) */
	onClick: () => void;
	/** function with named prop (VERY COMMON) */
	onChange: (id: number) => void;
	/** alternative function type syntax that takes an event (VERY COMMON) */
	onClick(event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>): void;
	/** an optional prop (VERY COMMON!) */
	optional?: OptionalType;
};
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Notice we have used the TSDoc /** comment */ style here on each prop. You can and are encouraged to leave descriptive comments on reusable components. For a fuller example and discussion, see our Commenting Components (opens new window) section in the Advanced Cheatsheet.

# Useful React Prop Type Examples

Relevant for components that accept other React components as props.

export declare interface AppProps {
	children1: JSX.Element; // bad, doesnt account for arrays
	children2: JSX.Element | JSX.Element[]; // meh, doesn't accept strings
	children3: React.ReactChildren; // despite the name, not at all an appropriate type; it is a utility
	children4: React.ReactChild[]; // better, accepts array children
	children: React.ReactNode; // best, accepts everything (see edge case below)
	functionChildren: (name: string) => React.ReactNode; // recommended function as a child render prop type
	style?: React.CSSProperties; // to pass through style props
	onChange?: React.FormEventHandler<HTMLInputElement>; // form events! the generic parameter is the type of event.target
	//  more info: https://react-typescript-cheatsheet.netlify.app/docs/advanced/patterns_by_usecase/#wrappingmirroring
	props: Props & React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<"button">; // to impersonate all the props of a button element and explicitly not forwarding its ref
	props2: Props & React.ComponentPropsWithRef<MyButtonWithForwardRef>; // to impersonate all the props of MyButtonForwardedRef and explicitly forwarding its ref
}
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# Small React.ReactNode edge case

This code typechecks but has a runtime error:

type Props = {
	children: React.ReactNode;
};

function Comp({ children }: Props) {
	return <div>{children}</div>;
}
function App() {
	return <Comp>{{}}</Comp>; // Runtime Error: Objects not valid as React Child!
}
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This is because ReactNode includes ReactFragment which allows a {} type, which is too wide (opens new window). Fixing this would break a lot of libraries, so for now you just have to be mindful that ReactNode is not absolutely bulletproof.

Thanks @pomle for raising this. (opens new window)

# JSX.Element vs React.ReactNode?

Quote @ferdaber (opens new window): A more technical explanation is that a valid React node is not the same thing as what is returned by React.createElement. Regardless of what a component ends up rendering, React.createElement always returns an object, which is the JSX.Element interface, but React.ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component.

  • JSX.Element -> Return value of React.createElement
  • React.ReactNode -> Return value of a component

More discussion: Where ReactNode does not overlap with JSX.Element (opens new window)

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Types or Interfaces?

You can use either Types or Interfaces to type Props and State, so naturally the question arises - which do you use?

# TL;DR

Use Interface until You Need Type - orta (opens new window).

# More Advice

Here's a helpful rule of thumb:

  • always use interface for public API's definition when authoring a library or 3rd party ambient type definitions, as this allows a consumer to extend them via declaration merging if some definitions are missing.

  • consider using type for your React Component Props and State, for consistency and because it is more constrained.

You can read more about the reasoning behind this rule of thumb in Interface vs Type alias in TypeScript 2.7 (opens new window).

The TypeScript Handbook now also includes guidance on Differences Between Type Aliases and Interfaces (opens new window).

Note: At scale, there are performance reasons to prefer interfaces (see official Microsoft notes on this (opens new window)) but take this with a grain of salt (opens new window)

Types are useful for union types (e.g. type MyType = TypeA | TypeB) whereas Interfaces are better for declaring dictionary shapes and then implementing or extending them.

# Useful table for Types vs Interfaces

It's a nuanced topic, don't get too hung up on it. Here's a handy table:

Aspect Type Interface
Can describe functions ✅ ✅
Can describe constructors ✅ ✅
Can describe tuples ✅ ✅
Interfaces can extend it ⚠️ ✅
Classes can extend it 🚫 ✅
Classes can implement it (implements) ⚠️ ✅
Can intersect another one of its kind ✅ ⚠️
Can create a union with another one of its kind ✅ 🚫
Can be used to create mapped types ✅ 🚫
Can be mapped over with mapped types ✅ ✅
Expands in error messages and logs ✅ 🚫
Can be augmented 🚫 ✅
Can be recursive ⚠️ ✅

⚠️ In some cases

(source: Karol Majewski (opens new window))

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# getDerivedStateFromProps

Before you start using getDerivedStateFromProps, please go through the documentation (opens new window) and You Probably Don't Need Derived State (opens new window). Derived State can be easily achieved using hooks which can also help set up memoization easily.

Here are a few ways in which you can annotate getDerivedStateFromProps

  1. If you have explicitly typed your derived state and want to make sure that the return value from getDerivedStateFromProps conforms to it.
class Comp extends React.Component<Props, State> {
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(
		props: Props,
		state: State
	): Partial<State> | null {
		//
	}
}
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  1. When you want the function's return value to determine your state.
class Comp extends React.Component<
	Props,
	ReturnType<typeof Comp["getDerivedStateFromProps"]>
> {
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(props: Props) {}
}
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  1. When you want derived state with other state fields and memoization
type CustomValue = any;
interface Props {
	propA: CustomValue;
}
interface DefinedState {
	otherStateField: string;
}
type State = DefinedState & ReturnType<typeof transformPropsToState>;
function transformPropsToState(props: Props) {
	return {
		savedPropA: props.propA, // save for memoization
		derivedState: props.propA,
	};
}
class Comp extends React.PureComponent<Props, State> {
	constructor(props: Props) {
		super(props);
		this.state = {
			otherStateField: "123",
			...transformPropsToState(props),
		};
	}
	static getDerivedStateFromProps(props: Props, state: State) {
		if (isEqual(props.propA, state.savedPropA)) return null;
		return transformPropsToState(props);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

# Forms and Events

If performance is not an issue (and it usually isn't!), inlining handlers is easiest as you can just use type inference and contextual typing (opens new window):

const el = (
	<button
		onClick={(event) => {
			/* event will be correctly typed automatically! */
		}}
	/>
);
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But if you need to define your event handler separately, IDE tooling really comes in handy here, as the @type definitions come with a wealth of typing. Type what you are looking for and usually the autocomplete will help you out. Here is what it looks like for an onChange for a form event:

type State = {
	text: string;
};
class App extends React.Component<Props, State> {
	state = {
		text: "",
	};

	// typing on RIGHT hand side of =
	onChange = (e: React.FormEvent<HTMLInputElement>): void => {
		this.setState({ text: e.currentTarget.value });
	};
	render() {
		return (
			<div>
				<input
					type="text"
					value={this.state.text}
					onChange={this.onChange}
				/>
			</div>
		);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Instead of typing the arguments and return values with React.FormEvent<> and void, you may alternatively apply types to the event handler itself (contributed by @TomasHubelbauer):

  // typing on LEFT hand side of =
  onChange: React.ChangeEventHandler<HTMLInputElement> = (e) => {
    this.setState({text: e.currentTarget.value})
  }
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# Why two ways to do the same thing?

The first method uses an inferred method signature (e: React.FormEvent<HTMLInputElement>): void and the second method enforces a type of the delegate provided by @types/react. So React.ChangeEventHandler<> is simply a "blessed" typing by @types/react, whereas you can think of the inferred method as more... artisanally hand-rolled. Either way it's a good pattern to know. See our Github PR for more (opens new window).

Typing onSubmit, with Uncontrolled components in a Form

If you don't quite care about the type of the event, you can just use React.SyntheticEvent. If your target form has custom named inputs that you'd like to access, you can use a type assertion:

<form
	ref={formRef}
	onSubmit={(e: React.SyntheticEvent) => {
		e.preventDefault();
		const target = e.target as typeof e.target & {
			email: { value: string };
			password: { value: string };
		};
		const email = target.email.value; // typechecks!
		const password = target.password.value; // typechecks!
		// etc...
	}}
>
	<div>
		<label>
			Email:
			<input type="email" name="email" />
		</label>
	</div>
	<div>
		<label>
			Password:
			<input type="password" name="password" />
		</label>
	</div>
	<div>
		<input type="submit" value="Log in" />
	</div>
</form>
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Of course, if you're making any sort of significant form, you should use Formik (opens new window) or React Hook Form (opens new window), which are written in TypeScript.

# List of event types

Event Type Description
AnimationEvent CSS Animations.
ChangeEvent Changing the value of <input>, <select> and <textarea> element.
ClipboardEvent Using copy, paste and cut events.
CompositionEvent Events that occur due to the user indirectly entering text (e.g. depending on Browser and PC setup, a popup window may appear with additional characters if you e.g. want to type Japanese on a US Keyboard)
DragEvent Drag and drop interaction with a pointer device (e.g. mouse).
FocusEvent Event that occurs when elements gets or loses focus.
FormEvent Event that occurs whenever a form or form element gets/loses focus, a form element value is changed or the form is submitted.
InvalidEvent Fired when validity restrictions of an input fails (e.g <input type="number" max="10"> and someone would insert number 20).
KeyboardEvent User interaction with the keyboard. Each event describes a single key interaction.
MouseEvent Events that occur due to the user interacting with a pointing device (e.g. mouse)
PointerEvent Events that occur due to user interaction with a variety pointing of devices such as mouse, pen/stylus, a touchscreen and which also supports multi-touch. Unless you develop for older browsers (IE10 or Safari 12), pointer events are recommended. Extends UIEvent.
TouchEvent Events that occur due to the user interacting with a touch device. Extends UIEvent.
TransitionEvent CSS Transition. Not fully browser supported. Extends UIEvent
UIEvent Base Event for Mouse, Touch and Pointer events.
WheelEvent Scrolling on a mouse wheel or similar input device. (Note: wheel event should not be confused with the scroll event)
SyntheticEvent The base event for all above events. Should be used when unsure about event type

# What about InputEvent?

You've probably noticed that there is no InputEvent. This is because it is not supported by Typescript as the event itself has no fully browser support and may behave differently in different browsers. You can use KeyboardEvent instead.

Sources:

  • https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/29441
  • https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/InputEvent
  • https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLElement/input_event

# Context

# Basic Example

import * as React from "react";

interface AppContextInterface {
	name: string;
	author: string;
	url: string;
}

const AppCtx = React.createContext<AppContextInterface | null>(null);

// Provider in your app

const sampleAppContext: AppContextInterface = {
	name: "Using React Context in a Typescript App",
	author: "thehappybug",
	url: "http://www.example.com",
};

export const App = () => (
	<AppCtx.Provider value={sampleAppContext}>...</AppCtx.Provider>
);

// Consume in your app

export const PostInfo = () => {
	const appContext = React.useContext(AppCtx);
	return (
		<div>
			Name: {appContext.name}, Author: {appContext.author}, Url:{" "}
			{appContext.url}
		</div>
	);
};
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You can also use the Class.contextType (opens new window) or Context.Consumer (opens new window) API, let us know if you have trouble with that.

Thanks to @AlvSovereign (opens new window)

# Extended Example

Using React.createContext with an empty object as default value.

interface ContextState {
	// set the type of state you want to handle with context e.g.
	name: string | null;
}
//set an empty object as default state
const Context = React.createContext({} as ContextState);
// set up context provider as you normally would in JavaScript [React Context API](https://reactjs.org/docs/context.html#api)
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Using React.createContext and context getters (opens new window) to make a createCtx with no defaultValue, yet no need to check for undefined:

import * as React from "react";

const currentUserContext = React.createContext<string | undefined>(undefined);

function EnthusasticGreeting() {
	const currentUser = React.useContext(currentUserContext);
	return <div>HELLO {currentUser!.toUpperCase()}!</div>;
}

function App() {
	return (
		<currentUserContext.Provider value="Anders">
			<EnthusasticGreeting />
		</currentUserContext.Provider>
	);
}
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Notice the explicit type arguments which we need because we don't have a default string value:

const currentUserContext = React.createContext<string | undefined>(undefined);
//                                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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along with the non-null assertion to tell TypeScript that currentUser is definitely going to be there:

return <div>HELLO {currentUser!.toUpperCase()}!</div>;
//                              ^
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This is unfortunate because we know that later in our app, a Provider is going to fill in the context.

There are a few solutions for this:

  1. You can get around this by asserting non null:

    const currentUserContext = React.createContext<string>(undefined!);
    1

    (Playground here (opens new window)) This is a quick and easy fix, but this loses type-safety, and if you forget to supply a value to the Provider, you will get an error.

  2. We can write a helper function called createCtx that guards against accessing a Context whose value wasn't provided. By doing this, API instead, we never have to provide a default and never have to check for undefined:

    import * as React from "react";

/**
 * A helper to create a Context and Provider with no upfront default value, and
 * without having to check for undefined all the time.
 */
function createCtx<A extends {} | null>() {
	const ctx = React.createContext<A | undefined>(undefined);
	function useCtx() {
		const c = React.useContext(ctx);
		if (c === undefined)
			throw new Error(
				"useCtx must be inside a Provider with a value"
			);
		return c;
	}
	return [useCtx, ctx.Provider] as const; // 'as const' makes TypeScript infer a tuple
}

// Usage:

// We still have to specify a type, but no default!
export const [useCurrentUserName, CurrentUserProvider] =
	createCtx<string>();

function EnthusasticGreeting() {
	const currentUser = useCurrentUserName();
	return <div>HELLO {currentUser.toUpperCase()}!</div>;
}

function App() {
	return (
		<CurrentUserProvider value="Anders">
			<EnthusasticGreeting />
		</CurrentUserProvider>
	);
}
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    View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

  3. You can go even further and combine this idea using React.createContext and context getters (opens new window).

    /**
 * A helper to create a Context and Provider with no upfront default value, and
 * without having to check for undefined all the time.
 */
function createCtx<A extends {} | null>() {
	const ctx = React.createContext<A | undefined>(undefined);
	function useCtx() {
		const c = React.useContext(ctx);
		if (c === undefined)
			throw new Error(
				"useCtx must be inside a Provider with a value"
			);
		return c;
	}
	return [useCtx, ctx.Provider] as const; // 'as const' makes TypeScript infer a tuple
}

// usage

export const [useCtx, SettingProvider] = createCtx<string>(); // specify type, but no need to specify value upfront!
export function App() {
	const key = useCustomHook("key"); // get a value from a hook, must be in a component
	return (
		<SettingProvider value={key}>
			<Component />
		</SettingProvider>
	);
}
export function Component() {
	const key = useCtx(); // can still use without null check!
	return <div>{key}</div>;
}
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  4. Using React.createContext and useContext to make a createCtx with unstated (opens new window)-like context setters:

    export function createCtx<A>(defaultValue: A) {
	type UpdateType = React.Dispatch<
		React.SetStateAction<typeof defaultValue>
	>;
	const defaultUpdate: UpdateType = () => defaultValue;
	const ctx = React.createContext({
		state: defaultValue,
		update: defaultUpdate,
	});
	function Provider(props: React.PropsWithChildren<{}>) {
		const [state, update] = React.useState(defaultValue);
		return <ctx.Provider value={{ state, update }} {...props} />;
	}
	return [ctx, Provider] as const; // alternatively, [typeof ctx, typeof Provider]
}

// usage

const [ctx, TextProvider] = createCtx("someText");
export const TextContext = ctx;
export function App() {
	return (
		<TextProvider>
			<Component />
		</TextProvider>
	);
}
export function Component() {
	const { state, update } = React.useContext(TextContext);
	return (
		<label>
			{state}
			<input type="text" onChange={(e) => update(e.target.value)} />
		</label>
	);
}
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  5. A useReducer-based version (opens new window) may also be helpful.

# Mutable Context Using a Class component wrapper

Contributed by: @jpavon (opens new window)

interface ProviderState {
	themeColor: string;
}

interface UpdateStateArg {
	key: keyof ProviderState;
	value: string;
}

interface ProviderStore {
	state: ProviderState;
	update: (arg: UpdateStateArg) => void;
}

const Context = React.createContext({} as ProviderStore); // type assertion on empty object

class Provider extends React.Component<{}, ProviderState> {
	public readonly state = {
		themeColor: "red",
	};

	private update = ({ key, value }: UpdateStateArg) => {
		this.setState({ [key]: value });
	};

	public render() {
		const store: ProviderStore = {
			state: this.state,
			update: this.update,
		};

		return (
			<Context.Provider value={store}>
				{this.props.children}
			</Context.Provider>
		);
	}
}

const Consumer = Context.Consumer;
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Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# forwardRef/createRef

Check the Hooks section (opens new window) for useRef.

createRef:

class CssThemeProvider extends React.PureComponent<Props> {
	private rootRef = React.createRef<HTMLDivElement>(); // like this
	render() {
		return <div ref={this.rootRef}>{this.props.children}</div>;
	}
}
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forwardRef:

type Props = { children: React.ReactNode; type: "submit" | "button" };
export type Ref = HTMLButtonElement;
export const FancyButton = React.forwardRef<Ref, Props>((props, ref) => (
	<button ref={ref} className="MyClassName" type={props.type}>
		{props.children}
	</button>
));
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# Side note: the ref you get from forwardRef is mutable so you can assign to it if needed.

This was done on purpose (opens new window). You can make it immutable if you have to - assign React.Ref if you want to ensure nobody reassigns it:

type Props = { children: React.ReactNode; type: "submit" | "button" };
export type Ref = HTMLButtonElement;
export const FancyButton = React.forwardRef(
	(
		props: Props,
		ref: React.Ref<Ref> // <-- here!
	) => (
		<button ref={ref} className="MyClassName" type={props.type}>
			{props.children}
		</button>
	)
);
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If you are grabbing the props of a component that forwards refs, use ComponentPropsWithRef (opens new window).

More info: https://medium.com/@martin_hotell/react-refs-with-typescript-a32d56c4d315

You may also wish to do Conditional Rendering with forwardRef (opens new window).

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Portals

Using ReactDOM.createPortal:

const modalRoot = document.getElementById("modal-root") as HTMLElement;
// assuming in your html file has a div with id 'modal-root';

export class Modal extends React.Component {
	el: HTMLElement = document.createElement("div");

	componentDidMount() {
		modalRoot.appendChild(this.el);
	}

	componentWillUnmount() {
		modalRoot.removeChild(this.el);
	}

	render() {
		return ReactDOM.createPortal(this.props.children, this.el);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

# Using hooks

Same as above but using hooks

import React, { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import { createPortal } from "react-dom";

const modalRoot = document.querySelector("#modal-root") as HTMLElement;

const Modal: React.FC<{}> = ({ children }) => {
	const el = useRef(document.createElement("div"));

	useEffect(() => {
		// Use this in case CRA throws an error about react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
		const current = el.current;

		// We assume `modalRoot` exists with '!'
		modalRoot!.appendChild(current);
		return () => void modalRoot!.removeChild(current);
	}, []);

	return createPortal(children, el.current);
};

export default Modal;
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Modal Component Usage Example:

function App() {
	const [showModal, setShowModal] = React.useState(false);
	return (
		<div>
			// you can also put this in your static html file
			<div id="modal-root"></div>
			{showModal && (
				<Modal>
					<div
						style={{
							display: "grid",
							placeItems: "center",
							height: "100vh",
							width: "100vh",
							background: "rgba(0,0,0,0.1)",
							zIndex: 99,
						}}
					>
						I'm a modal!{" "}
						<button
							style={{ background: "papyawhip" }}
							onClick={() => setShowModal(false)}
						>
							close
						</button>
					</div>
				</Modal>
			)}
			<button onClick={() => setShowModal(true)}>show Modal</button>
			// rest of your app
		</div>
	);
}
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# Context of Example

This example is based on the Event Bubbling Through Portal (opens new window) example of React docs.

# Error Boundaries

# Option 1: Using react-error-boundary

React-error-boundary (opens new window) - is a lightweight package ready to use for this scenario with TS support built-in. This approach also lets you avoid class components that are not that popular anymore.

# Options 2: Writing your custom error boundary component

If you don't want to add a new npm package for this, you can also write your own ErrorBoundary component.

import React, { Component, ErrorInfo, ReactNode } from "react";

interface Props {
  children: ReactNode;
}

interface State {
  hasError: boolean;
}

class ErrorBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
  public state: State = {
    hasError: false
  };

  public static getDerivedStateFromError(_: Error): State {
    // Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
    return { hasError: true };
  }

  public componentDidCatch(error: Error, errorInfo: ErrorInfo) {
    console.error("Uncaught error:", error, errorInfo);
  }

  public render() {
    if (this.state.hasError) {
      return <h1>Sorry.. there was an error</h1>;
    }

    return this.props.children;
  }
}

export default ErrorBoundary;
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Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Concurrent React/React Suspense

Not written yet. watch https://github.com/sw-yx/fresh-async-react (opens new window) for more on React Suspense and Time Slicing.

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window).

# Troubleshooting Handbook: Types

⚠️ Have you read the TypeScript FAQ (opens new window) Your answer might be there!

Facing weird type errors? You aren't alone. This is the hardest part of using TypeScript with React. Be patient - you are learning a new language after all. However, the more you get good at this, the less time you'll be working against the compiler and the more the compiler will be working for you!

Try to avoid typing with any as much as possible to experience the full benefits of TypeScript. Instead, let's try to be familiar with some of the common strategies to solve these issues.

# Union Types and Type Guarding

Union types are handy for solving some of these typing problems:

class App extends React.Component<
	{},
	{
		count: number | null; // like this
	}
> {
	state = {
		count: null,
	};
	render() {
		return <div onClick={() => this.increment(1)}>{this.state.count}</div>;
	}
	increment = (amt: number) => {
		this.setState((state) => ({
			count: (state.count || 0) + amt,
		}));
	};
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Type Guarding: Sometimes Union Types solve a problem in one area but create another downstream. If A and B are both object types, A | B isn't "either A or B", it is "A or B or both at once", which causes some confusion if you expected it to be the former. Learn how to write checks, guards, and assertions (also see the Conditional Rendering section below). For example:

interface Admin {
	role: string;
}
interface User {
	email: string;
}

// Method 1: use `in` keyword
function redirect(user: Admin | User) {
	if ("role" in user) {
		// use the `in` operator for typeguards since TS 2.7+
		routeToAdminPage(user.role);
	} else {
		routeToHomePage(user.email);
	}
}

// Method 2: custom type guard, does the same thing in older TS versions or where `in` isnt enough
function isAdmin(user: Admin | User): user is Admin {
	return (user as any).role !== undefined;
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Method 2 is also known as User-Defined Type Guards (opens new window) and can be really handy for readable code. This is how TS itself refines types with typeof and instanceof.

If you need if...else chains or the switch statement instead, it should "just work", but look up Discriminated Unions (opens new window) if you need help. (See also: Basarat's writeup (opens new window)). This is handy in typing reducers for useReducer or Redux.

# Optional Types

If a component has an optional prop, add a question mark and assign during destructure (or use defaultProps).

class MyComponent extends React.Component<{
	message?: string; // like this
}> {
	render() {
		const { message = "default" } = this.props;
		return <div>{message}</div>;
	}
}
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You can also use a ! character to assert that something is not undefined, but this is not encouraged.

Something to add? File an issue (opens new window) with your suggestions!

# Enum Types

We recommend avoiding using enums as far as possible.

Enums have a few documented issues (opens new window) (the TS team agrees (opens new window)). A simpler alternative to enums is just declaring a union type of string literals:

export declare type Position = "left" | "right" | "top" | "bottom";
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If you must use enums, remember that enums in TypeScript default to numbers. You will usually want to use them as strings instead:

export enum ButtonSizes {
	default = "default",
	small = "small",
	large = "large",
}

// usage
export const PrimaryButton = (
	props: Props & React.HTMLProps<HTMLButtonElement>
) => <Button size={ButtonSizes.default} {...props} />;
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# Type Assertion

Sometimes you know better than TypeScript that the type you're using is narrower than it thinks, or union types need to be asserted to a more specific type to work with other APIs, so assert with the as keyword. This tells the compiler you know better than it does.

class MyComponent extends React.Component<{
	message: string;
}> {
	render() {
		const { message } = this.props;
		return (
			<Component2 message={message as SpecialMessageType}>
				{message}
			</Component2>
		);
	}
}
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Note that you cannot assert your way to anything - basically it is only for refining types. Therefore it is not the same as "casting" a type.

You can also assert a property is non-null, when accessing it:

element.parentNode!.removeChild(element); // ! before the period
myFunction(document.getElementById(dialog.id!)!); // ! after the property accessing
let userID!: string; // definite assignment assertion... be careful!
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Of course, try to actually handle the null case instead of asserting 😃

# Simulating Nominal Types

TS' structural typing is handy, until it is inconvenient. However you can simulate nominal typing with type branding (opens new window):

type OrderID = string & { readonly brand: unique symbol };
type UserID = string & { readonly brand: unique symbol };
type ID = OrderID | UserID;
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We can create these values with the Companion Object Pattern:

function OrderID(id: string) {
	return id as OrderID;
}
function UserID(id: string) {
	return id as UserID;
}
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Now TypeScript will disallow you from using the wrong ID in the wrong place:

function queryForUser(id: UserID) {
	// ...
}
queryForUser(OrderID("foobar")); // Error, Argument of type 'OrderID' is not assignable to parameter of type 'UserID'
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In future you can use the unique keyword to brand. See this PR (opens new window).

# Intersection Types

Adding two types together can be handy, for example when your component is supposed to mirror the props of a native component like a button:

export interface PrimaryButtonProps {
	label: string;
}
export const PrimaryButton = (
	props: PrimaryButtonProps & React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement>
) => {
	// do custom buttony stuff
	return <button {...props}> {props.label} </button>;
};
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Playground here (opens new window)

You can also use Intersection Types to make reusable subsets of props for similar components:

type BaseProps = {
   className?: string,
   style?: React.CSSProperties
   name: string // used in both
}
type DogProps = {
  tailsCount: number
}
type HumanProps = {
  handsCount: number
}
export const Human: React.FC<BaseProps & HumanProps> = // ...
export const Dog: React.FC<BaseProps & DogProps> = // ...
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View in the TypeScript Playground (opens new window)

Make sure not to confuse Intersection Types (which are and operations) with Union Types (which are or operations).

# Union Types

This section is yet to be written (please contribute!). Meanwhile, see our commentary on Union Types usecases (opens new window).

The ADVANCED cheatsheet also has information on Discriminated Union Types, which are helpful when TypeScript doesn't seem to be narrowing your union type as you expect.

# Overloading Function Types

Specifically when it comes to functions, you may need to overload instead of union type. The most common way function types are written uses the shorthand:

type FunctionType1 = (x: string, y: number) => number;
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But this doesn't let you do any overloading. If you have the implementation, you can put them after each other with the function keyword:

function pickCard(x: { suit: string; card: number }[]): number;
function pickCard(x: number): { suit: string; card: number };
function pickCard(x): any {
	// implementation with combined signature
	// ...
}
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However, if you don't have an implementation and are just writing a .d.ts definition file, this won't help you either. In this case you can forego any shorthand and write them the old-school way. The key thing to remember here is as far as TypeScript is concerned, functions are just callable objects with no key:

type pickCard = {
	(x: { suit: string; card: number }[]): number;
	(x: number): { suit: string; card: number };
	// no need for combined signature in this form
	// you can also type static properties of functions here eg `pickCard.wasCalled`
};
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Note that when you implement the actual overloaded function, the implementation will need to declare the combined call signature that you'll be handling, it won't be inferred for you. You can see readily see examples of overloads in DOM APIs, e.g. createElement.

Read more about Overloading in the Handbook. (opens new window)

# Using Inferred Types

Leaning on TypeScript's Type Inference is great... until you realize you need a type that was inferred, and have to go back and explicitly declare types/interfaces so you can export them for reuse.

Fortunately, with typeof, you won't have to do that. Just use it on any value:

const [state, setState] = React.useState({
	foo: 1,
	bar: 2,
}); // state's type inferred to be {foo: number, bar: number}

const someMethod = (obj: typeof state) => {
	// grabbing the type of state even though it was inferred
	// some code using obj
	setState(obj); // this works
};
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# Using Partial Types

Working with slicing state and props is common in React. Again, you don't really have to go and explicitly redefine your types if you use the Partial generic type:

const [state, setState] = React.useState({
	foo: 1,
	bar: 2,
}); // state's type inferred to be {foo: number, bar: number}

// NOTE: stale state merging is not actually encouraged in React.useState
// we are just demonstrating how to use Partial here
const partialStateUpdate = (obj: Partial<typeof state>) =>
	setState({ ...state, ...obj });

// later on...
partialStateUpdate({ foo: 2 }); // this works
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# Minor caveats on using Partial

Note that there are some TS users who don't agree with using Partial as it behaves today. See subtle pitfalls of the above example here (opens new window), and check out this long discussion on why @types/react uses Pick instead of Partial (opens new window).

# The Types I need weren't exported!

This can be annoying but here are ways to grab the types!

  • Grabbing the Prop types of a component: Use React.ComponentProps and typeof, and optionally Omit any overlapping types
import { Button } from "library"; // but doesn't export ButtonProps! oh no!
type ButtonProps = React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>; // no problem! grab your own!
type AlertButtonProps = Omit<ButtonProps, "onClick">; // modify
const AlertButton: React.FC<AlertButtonProps> = (props) => (
	<Button onClick={() => alert("hello")} {...props} />
);
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You may also use ComponentPropsWithoutRef (opens new window) (instead of ComponentProps) and ComponentPropsWithRef (opens new window) (if your component specifically forwards refs)

  • Grabbing the return type of a function: use ReturnType:
// inside some library - return type { baz: number } is inferred but not exported
function foo(bar: string) {
	return { baz: 1 };
}

//  inside your app, if you need { baz: number }
type FooReturn = ReturnType<typeof foo>; // { baz: number }
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In fact you can grab virtually anything public: see this blogpost from Ivan Koshelev (opens new window)

function foo() {
	return {
		a: 1,
		b: 2,
		subInstArr: [
			{
				c: 3,
				d: 4,
			},
		],
	};
}

type InstType = ReturnType<typeof foo>;
type SubInstArr = InstType["subInstArr"];
type SubIsntType = SubInstArr[0];

let baz: SubIsntType = {
	c: 5,
	d: 6, // type checks ok!
};

//You could just write a one-liner,
//But please make sure it is forward-readable
//(you can understand it from reading once left-to-right with no jumps)
type SubIsntType2 = ReturnType<typeof foo>["subInstArr"][0];
let baz2: SubIsntType2 = {
	c: 5,
	d: 6, // type checks ok!
};
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# The Types I need don't exist!

What's more annoying than modules with unexported types? Modules that are untyped!

Before you proceed - make sure you have checked that types don't exist in DefinitelyTyped (opens new window) or TypeSearch (opens new window)

Fret not! There are more than a couple of ways in which you can solve this problem.

# Slapping any on everything

A lazier way would be to create a new type declaration file, say typedec.d.ts– if you don't already have one. Ensure that the path to file is resolvable by TypeScript by checking the include array in the tsconfig.json file at the root of your directory.

// inside tsconfig.json
{
	// ...
	"include": [
		"src" // automatically resolves if the path to declaration is src/typedec.d.ts
	]
	// ...
}
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Within this file, add the declare syntax for your desired module, say my-untyped-module– to the declaration file:

// inside typedec.d.ts
declare module "my-untyped-module";
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This one-liner alone is enough if you just need it to work without errors. A even hackier, write-once-and-forget way would be to use "*" instead which would then apply the Any type for all existing and future untyped modules.

This solution works well as a workaround if you have less than a couple untyped modules. Anything more, you now have a ticking type-bomb in your hands. The only way of circumventing this problem would be to define the missing types for those untyped modules as explained in the following sections.

# Autogenerate types

You can use TypeScript with --allowJs and --declaration to see TypeScript's "best guess" at the types of the library.

If this doesn't work well enough, use dts-gen (opens new window) to use the runtime shape of the object to accurately enumerate all available properties. This tends to be very accurate, BUT the tool does not yet support scraping JSDoc comments to populate additional types.

npm install -g dts-gen
dts-gen -m <your-module>
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There are other automated JS to TS conversion tools and migration strategies - see our MIGRATION cheatsheet (opens new window).

# Typing Exported Hooks

Typing Hooks is just like typing pure functions.

The following steps work under two assumptions:

  • You have already created a type declaration file as stated earlier in the section.
  • You have access to the source code - specifically the code that directly exports the functions you will be using. In most cases, it would be housed in an index.js file. Typically you need a minimum of two type declarations (one for Input Prop and the other for Return Prop) to define a hook completely. Suppose the hook you wish to type follows the following structure,
// ...
const useUntypedHook = (prop) => {
	// some processing happens here
	return {
		/* ReturnProps */
	};
};
export default useUntypedHook;
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then, your type declaration should most likely follow the following syntax.

declare module 'use-untyped-hook' {
  export interface InputProps { ... }   // type declaration for prop
  export interface ReturnProps { ... } // type declaration for return props
  export default function useUntypedHook(
    prop: InputProps
    // ...
  ): ReturnProps;
}
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For instance, the useDarkMode hook (opens new window) exports the functions that follows a similar structure.

// inside src/index.js
const useDarkMode = (
	initialValue = false, // -> input props / config props to be exported
	{
		// -> input props / config props to be exported
		element,
		classNameDark,
		classNameLight,
		onChange,
		storageKey = "darkMode",
		storageProvider,
		global,
	} = {}
) => {
	// ...
	return {
		// -> return props to be exported
		value: state,
		enable: useCallback(() => setState(true), [setState]),
		disable: useCallback(() => setState(false), [setState]),
		toggle: useCallback(() => setState((current) => !current), [setState]),
	};
};
export default useDarkMode;
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As the comments suggest, exporting these config props and return props following the aforementioned structure will result in the following type export.

declare module "use-dark-mode" {
	/**
	 * A config object allowing you to specify certain aspects of `useDarkMode`
	 */
	export interface DarkModeConfig {
		classNameDark?: string; // A className to set "dark mode". Default = "dark-mode".
		classNameLight?: string; // A className to set "light mode". Default = "light-mode".
		element?: HTMLElement; // The element to apply the className. Default = `document.body`
		onChange?: (val?: boolean) => void; // Override the default className handler with a custom callback.
		storageKey?: string; // Specify the `localStorage` key. Default = "darkMode". Set to `null` to disable persistent storage.
		storageProvider?: WindowLocalStorage; // A storage provider. Default = `localStorage`.
		global?: Window; // The global object. Default = `window`.
	}
	/**
	 * An object returned from a call to `useDarkMode`.
	 */
	export interface DarkMode {
		readonly value: boolean;
		enable: () => void;
		disable: () => void;
		toggle: () => void;
	}
	/**
	 * A custom React Hook to help you implement a "dark mode" component for your application.
	 */
	export default function useDarkMode(
		initialState?: boolean,
		config?: DarkModeConfig
	): DarkMode;
}
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# Typing Exported Components

In case of typing untyped class components, there's almost no difference in approach except for the fact that after declaring the types, you export the extend the type using class UntypedClassComponent extends React.Component<UntypedClassComponentProps, any> {} where UntypedClassComponentProps holds the type declaration.

For instance, sw-yx's Gist on React Router 6 types (opens new window) implemented a similar method for typing the then untyped RR6.

declare module "react-router-dom" {
  import * as React from 'react';
  // ...
  type NavigateProps<T> = {
    to: string | number,
    replace?: boolean,
    state?: T
  }
  //...
  export class Navigate<T = any> extends React.Component<NavigateProps<T>>{}
  // ...
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For more information on creating type definitions for class components, you can refer to this post (opens new window) for reference.

# Frequent Known Problems with TypeScript

Just a list of stuff that React developers frequently run into, that TS has no solution for. Not necessarily TSX only.

# TypeScript doesn't narrow after an object element null check

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E0u6b9uUUAAgwAk?format=jpg&name=medium (opens new window)

Ref: https://mobile.twitter.com/tannerlinsley/status/1390409931627499523. see also https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/9998

# TypeScript doesn't let you restrict the type of children

Guaranteeing typesafety for this kind of API isn't possible:

<Menu>
  <MenuItem/> {/* ok */}
  <MenuLink/> {/* ok */}
  <div> {/* error */}
</Menu>
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Source: https://twitter.com/ryanflorence/status/1085745787982700544?s=20

# Troubleshooting Handbook: Operators

  • typeof and instanceof: type query used for refinement
  • keyof: get keys of an object. keyof T is an operator to tell you what values of k can be used for obj[k].
  • O[K]: property lookup
  • [K in O]: mapped types
  • + or - or readonly or ?: addition and subtraction and readonly and optional modifiers
  • x ? Y : Z: Conditional types for generic types, type aliases, function parameter types
  • !: Nonnull assertion for nullable types
  • =: Generic type parameter default for generic types
  • as: type assertion
  • is: type guard for function return types

Conditional Types are a difficult topic to get around so here are some extra resources:

  • fully walked through explanation https://artsy.github.io/blog/2018/11/21/conditional-types-in-typescript/
  • Bailing out and other advanced topics https://github.com/sw-yx/ts-spec/blob/master/conditional-types.md
  • Basarat's video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbVgPQDealg&list=PLYvdvJlnTOjF6aJsWWAt7kZRJvzw-en8B&index=2&t=0s
  • Generics, Conditional types and Mapped types (opens new window)

# Troubleshooting Handbook: Utilities

These are all built in, see source in es5.d.ts (opens new window):

  • ConstructorParameters: a tuple of class constructor's parameter types
  • Exclude: exclude a type from another type
  • Extract: select a subtype that is assignable to another type
  • InstanceType: the instance type you get from a newing a class constructor
  • NonNullable: exclude null and undefined from a type
  • Parameters: a tuple of a function's parameter types
  • Partial: Make all properties in an object optional
  • Readonly: Make all properties in an object readonly
  • ReadonlyArray: Make an immutable array of the given type
  • Pick: A subtype of an object type with a subset of its keys
  • Record: A map from a key type to a value type
  • Required: Make all properties in an object required
  • ReturnType: A function's return type

# Troubleshooting Handbook: tsconfig.json

You can find all the Compiler options in the TypeScript docs (opens new window). The new TS docs also has per-flag annotations of what each does (opens new window). This is the setup I roll with for APPS (not libraries - for libraries you may wish to see the settings we use in tsdx):

{
	"compilerOptions": {
		"incremental": true,
		"outDir": "build/lib",
		"target": "es5",
		"module": "esnext",
		"lib": ["DOM", "ESNext"],
		"sourceMap": true,
		"importHelpers": true,
		"declaration": true,
		"rootDir": "src",
		"strict": true,
		"noUnusedLocals": true,
		"noUnusedParameters": true,
		"noImplicitReturns": true,
		"noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
		"allowJs": false,
		"jsx": "react",
		"moduleResolution": "node",
		"baseUrl": "src",
		"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
		"esModuleInterop": true,
		"suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors": true,
		"allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
		"experimentalDecorators": true
	},
	"include": ["src/**/*"],
	"exclude": ["node_modules", "build", "scripts"]
}
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You can find more recommended TS config here (opens new window).

Please open an issue and discuss if there are better recommended choices for React.

Selected flags and why we like them:

  • esModuleInterop: disables namespace imports (import * as foo from "foo") and enables CJS/AMD/UMD style imports (import fs from "fs")
  • strict: strictPropertyInitialization forces you to initialize class properties or explicitly declare that they can be undefined. You can opt out of this with a definite assignment assertion.
  • "typeRoots": ["./typings", "./node_modules/@types"]: By default, TypeScript looks in node_modules/@types and parent folders for third party type declarations. You may wish to override this default resolution so you can put all your global type declarations in a special typings folder.

Compilation speed grows linearly with size of codebase. For large projects, you will want to use Project References (opens new window). See our ADVANCED (opens new window) cheatsheet for commentary.

# Troubleshooting Handbook: Fixing bugs in official typings

If you run into bugs with your library's official typings, you can copy them locally and tell TypeScript to use your local version using the "paths" field. In your tsconfig.json:

{
	"compilerOptions": {
		"paths": {
			"mobx-react": ["../typings/modules/mobx-react"]
		}
	}
}
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Thanks to @adamrackis for the tip. (opens new window)

If you just need to add an interface, or add missing members to an existing interface, you don't need to copy the whole typing package. Instead, you can use declaration merging (opens new window):

// my-typings.ts
declare module "plotly.js" {
	interface PlotlyHTMLElement {
		removeAllListeners(): void;
	}
}

// MyComponent.tsx
import { PlotlyHTMLElement } from "plotly.js";

const f = (e: PlotlyHTMLElement) => {
	e.removeAllListeners();
};
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You dont always have to implement the module, you can simply import the module as any for a quick start:

// my-typings.ts
declare module "plotly.js"; // each of its imports are `any`
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Because you don't have to explicitly import this, this is known as an ambient module declaration (opens new window). You can do AMD's in a script-mode .ts file (no imports or exports), or a .d.ts file anywhere in your project.

You can also do ambient variable and ambient type declarations:

// ambient utiltity type
type ToArray<T> = T extends unknown[] ? T : T[];
// ambient variable
declare let process: {
	env: {
		NODE_ENV: "development" | "production";
	};
};
process = {
	env: {
		NODE_ENV: "production",
	},
};
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You can see examples of these included in the built in type declarations in the lib field of tsconfig.json

# Time to Really Learn TypeScript

Believe it or not, we have only barely introduced TypeScript here in this cheatsheet. If you are still facing TypeScript troubleshooting issues, it is likely that your understanding of TS is still too superficial.

There is a whole world of generic type logic that you will eventually get into, however it becomes far less dealing with React than just getting good at TypeScript so it is out of scope here. But at least you can get productive in React now 😃

It is worth mentioning some resources to help you get started:

# Other React + TypeScript resources

# Editor Tooling and Integration

  • VSCode
    • swyx's VSCode Extension: https://github.com/sw-yx/swyx-react-typescript-snippets
    • amVim: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=auiworks.amvim
  • VIM
    • https://github.com/Quramy/tsuquyomi
    • nvim-typescript?
    • https://github.com/leafgarland/typescript-vim
    • peitalin/vim-jsx-typescript
    • NeoVim: https://github.com/neoclide/coc.nvim
    • other discussion: https://mobile.twitter.com/ryanflorence/status/1085715595994095620

You are free to use this repo's TSX logo if you wish:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/6764957/53868378-2b51fc80-3fb3-11e9-9cee-0277efe8a927.png (opens new window)

You may also wish to use alternative logos - jsx-tsx-logos (opens new window)

https://github.com/Protectator/jsx-tsx-logos/raw/master/example.png

# Linting

⚠️Note that TSLint is now in maintenance and you should try to use ESLint instead (opens new window). If you are interested in TSLint tips, please check this PR from @azdanov (opens new window). The rest of this section just focuses on ESLint. You can convert TSlint to ESlint with this tool (opens new window).

⚠️This is an evolving topic. typescript-eslint-parser is no longer maintained and work has recently begun on typescript-eslint in the ESLint community (opens new window) to bring ESLint up to full parity and interop with TSLint.

Follow the TypeScript + ESLint docs at https://github.com/typescript-eslint/typescript-eslint:

yarn add -D @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin @typescript-eslint/parser eslint
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add a lint script to your package.json:

  "scripts": {
    "lint": "eslint 'src/**/*.ts'"
  },
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and a suitable .eslintrc.js (using .js over .json here so we can add comments):

module.exports = {
	env: {
		es6: true,
		node: true,
		jest: true,
	},
	extends: "eslint:recommended",
	parser: "@typescript-eslint/parser",
	plugins: ["@typescript-eslint"],
	parserOptions: {
		ecmaVersion: 2017,
		sourceType: "module",
	},
	rules: {
		indent: ["error", 2],
		"linebreak-style": ["error", "unix"],
		quotes: ["error", "single"],
		"no-console": "warn",
		"no-unused-vars": "off",
		"@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": [
			"error",
			{ vars: "all", args: "after-used", ignoreRestSiblings: false },
		],
		"@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": "warn", // Consider using explicit annotations for object literals and function return types even when they can be inferred.
		"no-empty": "warn",
	},
};
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Most of this is taken from the tsdx PR (opens new window) which is for libraries.

More .eslintrc.json options to consider with more options you may want for apps:

{
	"extends": [
		"airbnb",
		"prettier",
		"prettier/react",
		"plugin:prettier/recommended",
		"plugin:jest/recommended",
		"plugin:unicorn/recommended"
	],
	"plugins": ["prettier", "jest", "unicorn"],
	"parserOptions": {
		"sourceType": "module",
		"ecmaFeatures": {
			"jsx": true
		}
	},
	"env": {
		"es6": true,
		"browser": true,
		"jest": true
	},
	"settings": {
		"import/resolver": {
			"node": {
				"extensions": [".js", ".jsx", ".ts", ".tsx"]
			}
		}
	},
	"overrides": [
		{
			"files": ["**/*.ts", "**/*.tsx"],
			"parser": "typescript-eslint-parser",
			"rules": {
				"no-undef": "off"
			}
		}
	]
}
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You can read a fuller TypeScript + ESLint setup guide here (opens new window) from Matterhorn, in particular check https://github.com/MatterhornDev/learn-typescript-linting.

Another great resource is "Using ESLint and Prettier in a TypeScript Project" (opens new window) by @robertcoopercode.

Wes Bos is also working on TypeScript support for his eslint+prettier config. (opens new window)

If you're looking for information on Prettier, check out the Prettier (opens new window) guide.

# Other React + TypeScript resources

# Recommended React + TypeScript talks

# Time to Really Learn TypeScript

Believe it or not, we have only barely introduced TypeScript here in this cheatsheet. If you are still facing TypeScript troubleshooting issues, it is likely that your understanding of TS is still too superficial.

There is a whole world of generic type logic that you will eventually get into, however it becomes far less dealing with React than just getting good at TypeScript so it is out of scope here. But at least you can get productive in React now 😃

It is worth mentioning some resources to help you get started:

# Example App

# My question isn't answered here!

# Contributors

This project follows the all-contributors (opens new window) specification. See CONTRIBUTORS.md for the full list. Contributions of any kind welcome!

上次更新: 3/14/2023

JSX原理